Pregnancy is often described as a time of protection and growth within the womb; but what happens when something within that protective space becomes a risk?
We are talking about a rare but serious condition known as ABS or Amniotic Band Syndrome.
ABS happens when the fibers of the amniotic sac (the baby’s protective fluid-filled membrane in the womb) get tangled around the body parts of the foetus. It can hinder the growth and development of the baby. Though not very common, it can cause serious complications depending on the severity.
This blog explains how ABS happens, what signs to look out for, and how it can be managed.
What is Amniotic Band Syndrome?
It is a rare condition in which the foetus or the newborn has limb deformities or amputations. This happens when the string-like bands form inside the amniotic sac. These bands get wrapped around the baby’s body, most often the arms, fingers, legs, or toes, causing restricted growth.
As the baby grows, ABS can lead to deformities or even amputations of the body parts in severe cases, as per StatPearls.
Amniotic Band Causes
The exact cause behind ABS is not fully understood. Many cases occur without any apparent cause and are even difficult to detect during the initial stages.
- Trauma to Amniotic Sac: In some cases, experts believe that amniotic bands or fibres are created due to trauma or damage to a part of the placenta called the amnion (or amniotic membrane). These fibre-like bands can get trapped, compress, or amputate parts of the developing baby.
- Genetic: ABS syndromes and deformities can occur due to reduced blood supply to some body parts, even though no amniotic bands were present. In such cases, genetic defects were responsible.
Signs and Symptoms of Amniotic Band Syndrome
The signs of ABS depend on which body part is affected and the tightness of the band. The tell-tale signs of amniotic band in pregnancy and post birth are:
- Indentation marks on limbs
- Swelling below the band due to blocked blood or lymph flow
- Shortened or missing fingers or toes
- Clubfoot (abnormal foot positioning)
- Cleft lip or palate (very rare)
- Constriction rings that look like deep grooves in the skin are also known as amniotic band constriction.
If the band gets wrapped around the umbilical cord, it can lead to serious health concerns, miscarriage or stillbirth.
How to Detect It?
During prenatal screening, the doctor may perform these tests to look for amniotic fibres or signs of ABS:
Prenatal Ultrasound
Amniotic band syndrome detection is done through ultrasound imaging. It helps spot the actual bands or check any unusual swelling, limb position, or missing digits.
Fetal MRI
In some cases, the band or fibre is so tiny that it can’t be detected through ultrasound. So, in complicated pregnancies, an MRI may be done for a clearer picture of the baby’s condition.
Treatment and Management Options
The treatment and management of amniotic band syndrome depend on the timing of detection and severity, before or after birth, as explained below:
Before Birth
If it is detected early and is found to be serious, fetal surgery may be required to release the constriction. This is a very delicate procedure and is only done at specialised fetal care centres.
Note: Fetal surgery carries risks and is not always recommended unless the band poses a significant threat to the baby’s life or limb.
After Birth
Most of the treatment and management of ABS is done after the baby is born. Based on the severity of the deformity, here’s what can be done:
- Surgery to release constricting bands
- Prosthetics for missing limbs or digits
- Physical therapy to improve function
- Reconstructive surgery in later years for appearance or mobility
Many children with ABS go on to live healthy, active lives with proper, timely care and support.
Read More: What Is The Non Invasive Prenatal Screening Test and Why It Matters
Conclusion
Amniotic band syndrome is a rare condition that leads to deformities in the baby before birth. Although the exact cause is not always clear, early detection via ultrasound and proper postnatal treatment can significantly improve a child’s quality of life. Make sure to have regular foetal screenings to look for any signs of foetal health complications.
